Source books
Books
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13 books of 336 · oldest first
Jewish scripture and tradition 13
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c. 1200–165 BCE (composition); canon fixed by c. 100 CE
Tanakh
The Hebrew Bible in its Jewish arrangement of Torah, Nevi'im and Ketuvim. Kabbalists read its Hebrew closely: a root, a vowel or a divine name may open the verse toward a...
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3rd century BCE–1st century CE
1 Enoch
First Enoch is an ancient Jewish apocalyptic collection that names Michael, Gabriel and Raphael among a group of holy angels. The work assigns them distinct responsibilities,...
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Probably 3rd–2nd century BCE
Book of Tobit
The Book of Tobit is an ancient Jewish narrative in which Raphael travels in disguise, guides Tobias, heals Tobit and delivers Sarah. Near the story's conclusion Raphael...
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Final form c. 167–164 BCE
Book of Daniel
The Book of Daniel is the earliest canonical biblical source to name Gabriel and Michael. Gabriel appears as an interpreter of visions, while Michael is described as one of the...
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Compiled c. 3rd–6th centuries CE
Babylonian Talmud
The Babylonian Talmud is a multi-generational rabbinic corpus of legal discussion, interpretation and narrative. Particular passages preserve early discussions of Metatron and...
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c. 8th–9th century
Pirke de-Rabbi Eliezer
A narrative midrash retelling Genesis and Exodus, with an account of creation and of the angels about the divine throne.
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1170–1180
Mishneh Torah
Maimonides's Mishneh Torah gathers Jewish law and philosophy into fourteen books. In the opening book, Sefer HaMada, Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah gives a tenfold hierarchy of angels;...
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1886–1903
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature
The standard dictionary of rabbinic Hebrew and Aramaic.
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1891–1906
A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament
The standard Hebrew lexicon of the Hebrew Bible, based on Gesenius.
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1901–1906
The Jewish Encyclopedia
The Jewish Encyclopedia is an early twentieth-century reference work whose signed articles gather biblical, rabbinic and mystical source trails. Its accounts of variant angel...
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1939
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undated
The Sibylline Oracles
collection of oracular utterances in Greek hexameter, containing Hellenistic/Roman mythology with Jewish, Gnostic and Christian stories
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prayers from antiquity; the order fixed in the Middle Ages
Siddur
The daily prayer book: the Amidah, the Shema and the prayers before sleep.